Dinamika Kekerasan Etnoreligius di India dan Pakistan dalam Kerangka Societal Security
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22303/pir.9.2.2024.240-253Keywords:
Ethnoreligious, Nationalism, Sectarianism, India, Pakistan, Societal SecurityAbstract
Asia Selatan merupakan kawasan dengan kelompok etnis dan agama yang beragam. Namun, adanya kepercayaan yang absolut penganut beragama mayoritas yang didukung oleh negara memberikan tekanan dan ketakutan bagi penganut beragama minoritas memunculkan penindasan terhadap suatu kelompok yang berbasis religi secara sistemik, seperti yang terjadi kepada Muslim oleh mayoritas Hindu di India dan Mayoritas Sunni kepada minoritas Syiah dan Ahmadiyah di Pakistan. Intensitas konflik yang tinggi pun semakin memperburuk keadaan negara dengan adanya autokrasi yang merusak tatanan demokrasi karena adanya pembatasan dalam berekspresi. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang diperkuat dengan tinjauan pustaka yang berbasis teoritis dan studi kasus yang relevan sebagai metode pengumpulan data, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi permasalahan keamanan societal dalam dinamika kecenderungan etnoreligius di Asia Selatan, yang berupa nasionalisme di India dan sektarianisme di Pakistan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan konsep etnisitas dan keamanan societal untuk mengidentifikasi keterkaitan antara identitas etnis dan ketidakamanan societal. Penulis melihat bahwa identitas memainkan peran penting dalam dinamika kekerasan etnoreligius yang ada di India dan Pakistan. Identitas membentuk majoritarianisme dan sikap permusuhan atas dasar sentimen agama, sehingga memunculkan ketidakamanan bagi kelompok minoritas. Bentuk sentimen ini pun didukung oleh legislasi yang melanggengkan tindak kekerasan berbasis nasionalisme dan sektarianisme. Kekerasan etnoreligius ini memungkinkan terjadinya pembersihan etnis di India dan Pakistan, melihat bahwa adanya kesulitan bagi kelompok minoritas untuk melestarikan identitas agamanya akibat dari kekerasan yang berlangsung lama dan sistematis.
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